Apparatus for producing ripple images in electrophotographic record elements having thermoplastic photoconductive layers thereon



May 14, 1968 E. c. GlAlMO 3,382,780

APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RIPPLE IMAGES IN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD ELEMENTS HAVING THERMOPLASTIC PHOTOCONDUCTIVE LAYERS THEREON Original Filed Nov. 12, 1963 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 c' 5 4 M Ma INVENTOR as. Mz

May 14, 1968 r; c; GIAIMO 3,382,780

APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RIPPLE IMAGES IN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD ELEMENTS HAVING THERMOPLASTIC PHOTOGONDUCTIVE LAYERS THEREON Original Filed Nov. 12, 1965 2 Sheets-$hcet 2 EX F06 1/165 Q' fan/4K0 C 601/440 United States Patent 3,382,780 APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RIPPLE IMAGES IN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD ELE- MENTS HAVING THERMOPLASTIC PHOTO- CONDUCTIVE LAYERS THEREON Edward C. Giaimo, Princeton, N.J., assignor to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Original application Nov. 12, 1963, Ser. No. 322,612. Divided and this application Nov. 20, 1964, Ser. No.

2 Claims. (Cl. 95-1) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This is a division of application Ser. No. 322,612, fi led Nov. 12, 1963, now abandoned.

This invention relates generally to the art of electrophotographic reproduction, and more particularly to improved apparatus for charging, exposing, and developing images in electrophotographic record elements of the type employing a thermoplastic photoconductive layer. The improved apparatus of the present invention is particularly, but not exclusively, useful for providing ripple images in electrophotographic record elements.

It has been proposed to form a ripple image in the thermoplastic photoconductive layer of an electrophotographic record element by a manual, electrophotographic developing process wherein the thermoplastic photoconductive layer of the recording element is first charged electrostatically and then exposed to a light image to discharge the thermoplastic photoconductive layer selectively. Next, the record element is heated until the thermoplastic photoconductive layer is softened sufficiently to allow the elastrostatic forces on it to produce a ripple image of the electrostatic latent image thereon. The record element is now cooled, fixing (freezing) the ripple image in the thermoplastic photoconductive layer.

During this process, the charged record element tends to attract and collect particles of dust and dirt that may become embedded in the thermoplastic photoconductive layer when the latter is heated. Also, the substrate of the record element absorbs much of the available heat during the heating step of this process, using more heat than is actually necessary to soften only the thermoplastic photoconductive layer and also consuming more time than is desired.

It is an object of the present invention to provide improved apparatus for producing ripple images in electrophotographic record elements automatically.

Another object of the present invention is to provide improved apparatus for developing electrophotographic record elements of the type described in a manner which tends to remove dust and dirt that may have collected on the record element.

A further object of the present invention is to provide improved apparatus for developing electrophotographic record elements, in which the quantity of heat used is reduced and the developing process is speeded.

Still a further object of the present invention is to provide improved apparatus for developing an electro- 3,382,780 Patented May 14, 1968 photographic record element by means of a heat source which lends itself to relatively easier and faster control than in the prior art methods.

Briefly stated, these and other objects and advantages of the present invention are accomplished by apparatus wherein the steps of (l) electrostatically charging an electrophotographic record element, (2) exposing the thermoplastic photoconductive layer of the record element to a light image, and (3) heating the thermoplastic photoconductive layer, are accomplished automatically. The step of heating is performed with a hot gas that is directed in a forced stream directly onto the thermoplastic photoconductive layer so that this layer may soften quickly and the substrate of the recording element may function as a heat sink. The forced stream of hot gas softens the layer and also tends to remove any dust or dirt that may have been attracted previously to the layer.

The novel features of the present invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, as well as additional objects and advantages thereof, will be more readily understood from the following description, when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a fragmentary, cross'sectional view of an electrophotographic record element used in the improved apparatus of the present invention;

FIGS. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are fragmentary cross-sectional views of the electrophotographic record element in different stages of development to explain the method of producing a ripple image in the photoconductive layer of the record element;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram, partly in block form, of the improved, automatic apparatus for developing electrophotographic record elements and embodying the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a limit switch, in its normal spring biased position, used in the apparatus shown in FIG. 6; and

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of another limit switch, in its actuated position, used in the apparatus of FIG. 6.

Referring, now, particularly to FIG. 1 of the drawings, there is shown an electrophotographic record element 10 having either a flexible or a rigid substrate 12, such as Mylar or glass, a transparent or reflective conductive coating 14, such as tin oxide or aluminum, and an essentially transparent, thermoplastic photoconductive layer 16. The photoconductive layer 16 comprises a solid solution of a leucobase dye intermediate in a thermoplastic resin, such as styrene. The photoconductive layer 16 should be heat deformable over a relatively narrow range of temperatures so that a ripple image may be produced in it by the following developing process, the steps of which are illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 4, and 5.

The record element 10 is developed by charging it electrostatically in the dark with a uniform electrostatic charge by any suitable means, as by a corona discharge device, known in the art. The surface of the photoconductive layer 16 may be charged either negatively, as illustrated in FIG. 2, or positively. Next, the uniformly charged photoconductive layer 16 is exposed to a light image, as by passing light rays 18 through a photoconductive negative (or positive) 20, and the photoconductive layer 16 is discharged selectively in the illuminated areas in accordance with the intensity of light received, as illustrated in FIG. 3. A stream of hot gas, such as hot air illustrated by the arrows 21 in FIG. 4, is directed onto only the thermoplastic photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10 (by directing the hot gas against only the side of the record on which layer 16 is deposited) until the layer 16 is softened sufliciently to permit the electrostatic forces, illustrated by the arrows 22 in FIG. 4, resulting from the remaining charge, to deform the layer 16 and to provide a ripple image 24 therein, as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. After cooling, the hardened (frozen), ripple image 24 may be viewed in, or projected by, a schlieren optical system, known in the art.

The stream of hot gases 21 may be derived from a blower that has a heating element in the path of the stream of gas produced, as will be described hereinafter. By directing the stream of hot gas directly onto the thermoplastic photoconductive layer 16, the layer 16 is heated quickly, and the substrate 12 functions as a heat sink to absorb heat from the thermoplastic layer 16 after the ripple image 24 has been formed. Also, the stream of hot gas, usually air, blows away dust and dirt that may have been attracted to the electrostatically charged record element 10.

In the aforementioned image-forming process, the record element may be first exposed by a light image and then charged electrostaticaily to form an'electrostatic latent image corresponding to the light image. The electrostatic latent image so produced may then be formed into a ripple image by directing a stream of hot air directly onto the thermoplastic photoconductive layer.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown automatic apparatus 30 for forming and developing a ripple image in the record element 10. The element i is adapted to be mounted within a slot 32 in a carriage 34 for movement sequentially to a charging station, an exposure station, and a heating station. The record element 10 is removably secured, with its photoconductive layer 16 facing upward, looking at FIG. 6, within the slot 32, by any suitable means, as, for example, by springs (not shown). The carriage 34 is formed with a pair of parallel through openings 35 and 37 through which are engaged a pair of parallel rods 36 and 38, respectively, whereby the carriage 34 may be moved to the aforesaid stations. A pair of limit switches S1 and S2 are disposed at opposite ends of the rods 36 and 38 and are adapted to be actuated by stops 41 and 42, respectively, extending from the carriage 34.

A mask 43, formed with a rectangular opening 45 therein, is placed over the photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10 to aid in charging the record element 10 in a limited desired area only.

The carriage 34 is adapted to be moved between the limit switches S1 and S2 by means of a pulley arrangement comprising a pair of pulleys 44 .and 46 and an endless belt 48 engaging the pulleys 44 and 46. The carriage 34 is fixed to the belt 48, by any suitable means, for movement therewith. The pulley 44 is fixed to the shaft 50 of a synchronous reversible motor 52 to drive the belt 48 and consequently the carriage 34.

The limit switch S2, shown schematically in its actuated position in FIG. 8, has three output terminals A, B, and C. When the plunger 49 of the limit switch S2 is not engaged by the stop 42 of the carriage 34, a pair of contacts between the terminals A and C is normally closed (NC) and a pair of contacts between the terminals B and C is normally open (NO).

The limit switch S1, shown schematically in its normal non-actuated position in FIG. 7, also has three output terminals D, E, and F. When the plunger 51 of the limit switch S1 is not actuated by the stop 41 of the carriage 34, a pair of contacts between the terminals D and F is normally closed (NC) and a pair of contacts between the terminals E and F is normally open (NO).

A motor 52 is connected to reciprocate the carriage 34 between the limit switches S1 and S2, with stops of appropriate duration at the aforementioned charging, exposing, and heating stations. To this .end, a common terminal 54 of the motor 52 is connected to the terminal A of the limit switch S2. A reversing terminal 56 of the motor 52 is connected to a common bus bar B1 through a pair of normally closed (NC) contacts 58 and 60 of a relay R5 and a pair of normally closed (NC) contacts 62 and 64 of a relay R1. Another reversing terminal 66 of the motor 52 is connected to a'contact 68 of the relay R1, the contact 62 of the relay R1 being adapted to engage the contact 68 when the relay R1 is actuated.

The winding of the relay R1 is connected between the terminal D of the limit switch S1 and a common bus bar B2 through a normally open (NO) push-button start switch 69. The switch 69 is connected across a pair of normally open (NO) contacts 79 and 72 of the relay R1 which complete a holding circuit for this relay; The bus bars B1 and B2 are adapted to be connected to any suitable source of voltage through a pair of ganged line switches L1 and L2, respectively.

The terminal C of the limit switch S2 is connected to the bus bar B2 through a motor drive switch 74. The terminals A and C of the limit switch S2 are connected to each other through a normally open (NO) push-button start switch '73. The push-button switches 73 and 69 are ganged to each other and to a normally closed (NC) push-button reset switch 75 for simultaneous actuation. One contact of the switch 75 is connected to the bus bar B2, and the other contact of the switch 75 is connected to the bus bar B1 through the winding of a relay R3 and a pair of normally open (NO) contacts 76 and 78 of a relay R2. The winding of the relay R2 is connected between the bus bar B2 and the terminal E of the limit switch S1. The terminal F of the limit switch S1 is connected to the bus bar B1. The output terminal B of the limit switch S2 is connected to the bus bar B1 through the winding of a relay R4 and a pair of normally open (NO) contacts 80 and 82 of the relay R3.

Means are provided to charge the record element 10 electrostatically. To this end, a double corona discharge device 84 is connected to a high-voltage power supply 86 through two pairs of normally open (NO) contacts 88, 9t) and 92, 94 of a relay R6. The relay coil of relay R6 is connected between the bus bar B1 and the bus bar B2 through a pair of normally closed (NC) contacts 96 and 98 of the relay R3. The contact 98 is adapted to engage a contact 100 when the relay R3 is energized. The power supply 86 is adapted to provide negative and positive output voltages of at least 6,000 volts with respect to ground. A pair of control dials 102 and 104 are provided to adjust the positive and negative output voltages of the charger power supply 86.

The double corona discharge device 84 is formed with a slot 106 through which the record element 10 may pass in a manner whereby the upper surface of the record element, that is, the photoconductive layer 16, is charged negatively with respect to ground and the lower surface is charged positively with respect to ground. The power supply 86 has one input terminal connected to the bus bar B1 through a switch 108 and another input terminal connected to the bus bar B2.

Means are provided to expose the uniformly charged record element 10 to a light image when the record element 10 is at the exposure station, whereby to produce a latent electrostatic image on the photoconductive layer 16. To this end, there is provided an enlarger 110 whose lamp 112 is connected between the bus bars B1 and B2 through a switch 114. A photographic transparency 116 (negative or positive) may be inserted in an appropriate slot of the enlarger 110 for projecting a light image onto the photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10. A shutter 118 uncovers the lens 120 of the enlarger when actuated by a shutter solenoid 122. The shutter solenoid 122 is connected between the bus bars B1 and B2 through a pair of normally open (NO) contacts 124 and 126 of the relay R5. The relay R5 has its winding connected to" and is actuated by an exposure timer 128, which, in turn, is started when a pair of normally open (NO) contacts and 132 is closed by the relay R2, the timer 128 being also connected to the bus bars B1 and B2 in a manner known in the art. A dial 129 on the timer 128 sets the time of exposure by controlling the time that the shutter 118 is actuated.

Means are provided to direct a stream of hot gas, from a position to one side of the photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10, directly onto the photoconductive layer 16 when the record element is at the heating station. To this end, there is provided a blower 134 having a motor, as indicated, that is connected between the bus bars B1 and B2 through a switch 135. A chute or a conduit 136 has one open end communicating with the blower 134 and an opposite open end disposed directly above the photoconductive layer 16 when the record element 10 is at the heating station. An exhaust con duit 138 communicates with the conduit 136 to direct the stream of hot air away from the record element 10 when the latter is not to be heated. A vane 140, biased upwardly by a spring 142, is disposed within the conduit 136 and pivoted thereto in a manner whereby a stream of air from the blower 134 can be directed either to the exhaust conduit 138, when the vane 140 is in its normally biased position, as shown, or through the open end 137 of the conduit 136, when the vane 148 is rotated by a solenoid 144. The actuated rod of the solenoid 144 is mechanically connected to the vane 140. The solenoid 144 is connected to a heating timer 148 through a switch 146, and the timer 148 is connected between the bus bars B1 and B2. The heating timer 148 is arranged to initiate actuation of the solenoid 144- when a pair of normally open '(NO) contacts 150 and 152 of the relay R4 is closed. A dial 154 on the heating timer 148 sets the time during which the solenoid is actuated and the vane 140 is to be rotated for exposing the photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10 to a stream of hot gas (air). When the solenoid 144 is not energized, the stream of hot gas is directed through the exhaust conduit 138, the blower 134 being energized at all times when the blower switch 135 is closed.

A heater element 156 is disposed within the chute 136 for heating the gas (usually air) from the blower 134. The heating element 156 is connected in a series circuit with a temperature regulator 158 and a heater switch 160, the series circuit being connected between the bus bars B1 and B2. The temperature regulator 158 is also connected between the bus bars B1 and B2 and has a control dial 162 for regulating the temperature of the heating element 156, in a manner known in the art. A heat-sensing element 164, such as a platinum wire, is connected to the temperature regulator 158 and disposed to sense the heat of the stream of gas within the chute 136, whereby the temperature regulator 158 may regulate the energy to the heating element 156 so as to maintain a temperature set by the dial 162 of the temperature regulator 158, in a manner known in the art.

The image-forming apparatus 30 is enclosed in a suitable housing (not shown) so that the record element 10 is not exposed to light except when exposed to the light image projected by the enlarger 110. The conduit 136 may also be provided with suitable louvers (not shown), if necessary, for preventing the glow of the heater element 156 from adversely affecting the record element 10 during the heating process.

The operation of the automatic apparatus, illustrated in FIG. 6, for producing a ripple image in the photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10 will now be explained; The record element 10 in whose photoconductive layer 16 a ripple image is to be formed is inserted in the slot 32 of the carriage 34, the carriage 34 being in its initial starting position with the stop 42 pressing against the plunger 49 of the limit switch S2. The following manual switches are closed: the heater switch 160, the blower motor switch 135, the vane power switch 146, the motor drive switch 74, the enlarger lamp switch 114, and the corona (charger) power supply switch 108.

The following dials are set to desired values: The positive and negative voltages with respect to ground are set by the dials 102 and 104 of the charger 86. The dial 162 of the temperature regulator 158 is set to provide a desired temperature (from 300-50-0 F.) of the heating element 156. The heating timer dial 154 is set to the desired time (e.g. 10 sec.) to control the lifting of the gate 164 whereby to control the time (e.g. 10 sec.) of heating of the photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10. The dial 129 of the exposure timer 128 is set to the desired time (e.g. 5 sec.) to expose the record element 10 to the light image of the negative 116.

The line switches L1 and L2 are now closed and the charger relay R6 is energized through the normally closed (NC) contacts 96 and 98, closing, in turn, the two pairs of (NO) contacts 88, and 92, 94 of the relay R6 and applying high positive and negative voltages to the double corona discharge unit 84.

At the start of the cycle of operation, the carriage 34 is at the extreme right (looking at FIG. 6) with the stop 42 actuating the limit switch S2. In this actuated position of the limit switch S2, the (NC) contacts between the terminals A and C are open and the (NO) contacts between C and B are closed. The cycle of operation is started by pressing the ganged start push-buttons 73, 69 and 75. This action causes the (NC) contacts between terminals A and C to be shunted, causing the motor '52 to be energized. The motor 52 drives the pulley 44 through the shaft 50in a direction indicated by the arrow 165, causing the carriage 34 to move to the left, looking at FIG. 6. When the carriage 34 moves away from the limit switch S2, the (NC) contacts between terminals A and C close and keep the motor 52 energized after the start button 73 is released. The relay R1 is energized through the (NC) contacts between the terminals D and F of the limit switch S1. When the start button 69 is released, the relay R1 remains energized by the selfholding (NO) contacts 70 and 72 of the relay R1. The relay R1 causes the movable contact 62 to engage the fixed contact 68 and causes the motor 52 to turn in the direction indicated by the arrow 1'65, whereby the carriage 34 moves away from the limit switch S2.

The carriage 34 is pulled by the belt 48 until the stop 41 engages the plunger 51 of the limit switch S1, to actuate the latter. During the movement of the carriage 34 to the limit switch S1, the record element 10 passes through the slot 106 in the double corona electrostatic charger, at which time the upper surface, that is, the photoconductive layer 16, receives a negative charge and the bottom surf-ace receives a positive charge. When the stop 41 of the carriage 34 actuates the limit switch S1, it is at the exposure station. Under these conditions, the (NC) contacts of the limit switch S1 between the terminals D and F are opened and the (NO) contacts between the terminals E and F are closed. The relay R1 is now de-ener-gized, the pair of (NO) contacts 70 and 72 is opened, and the pair of (NC) contacts 62 and 64 is closed, thus stopping the motor 52 and reversing the direction in which the motor will run when it is energized again.

With the (NO) contacts between terminals E and F of the limit switch S1 closed, the relay R2 is energized, closing contacts (NO) 76 and 78, energizing relay R3, and closing the two pairs of (NO) contacts 98, and 80, 82. The pair of (NC) contacts 96, 98 of the relay R3 open and dc-energize the charger relay R6, causing the two pairs of (NO) contacts 88, 90 and 92, 94 to open and to disconnect the power supply 88 from the double corona charger 84. The (NO) contacts 130 and 132 of the relay R2 are closed, and the timer 128 is actuated. This action energizes the relay R5 which, in turn, closes the (NO) contacts 124 and 126, energizing the shutter solenoid 122, removing the shutter 118 from the lens 120 of the enlarger 110, and exposing the photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10 with a light image from the negative 116. The energized relay R5 also opens the (NC) contacts 58 and 60 to prevent the motor 52 from starting until the exposure of the record element 10 is completed.

The exposure of the record element 10 occurs for the length of time set by the dial 129 of the exposure timer 128. When the exposure is completed, the relay R is tie-energized, closing the (NC) contacts 58 and 60. The motor 52 now rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow 167. This action pulls the carriage 34 away from the limit switch S1, closing the (NC) contacts between the terminals D and F and opening the (NO) contacts between the terminals E and F. Thus, the relay R2 is deenergized, opening the (NO) contacts 76 and 78 and the (NO) contacts 130 and 132.

The carriage 34 now moves through the de-energized double corona charger 84 until the stop 42 on the carriage 34 engages the plunger 49 of the limit switch S2, opening the (NC) contacts between the terminals A and C and closing the (NO) contacts between the terminals C and B. The record element is now at the heating station. The relay R4 is energized through the now closed (NO) contacts between terminals B and C of the limit switch S2, closing the (NO) contacts 159 and 152 and starting the heating timer 148. This action energizes the solenoid 144 which, in turn, rotates the vane 14!) in the conduit 136 and directs a stream of heated gas (preferablyair) against the thermoplastic layer 16 of the record element 10. At the end of the heating period, determined by the setting of the dial 154 on the heating timer 148, that is, after heating the thermoplastic photoconductive layer 16 6f the record element 10 for a suificient length of time to cause a ripple image to be formed in the layer 16, the solenoid 144 is de-energized, and the vane 149 is returned by the spring 142 to the position shown in the drawing. The hot gas (air) is now directed through the exhaust conduit 138 and away from the record element 10. The cooled record element 10 may now be removed from the carriage 34.

Another record element 10 may now be inserted in the slot 32 of the carriage 34 for processing as described above. The automatic processing of the record element 10 is started again by pushing the ganged start push-button switches 73, 69, and 75. This action tie-energizes the relay R3, opening two pairs of the (NO) contacts 80, 82 and 98, 100, and closing the (NC) contacts 96, 98. Thus, the relay R6 is energized again, closing the two pairs of (NO) contacts 88, 90 and 92, 94, and applying a high voltage from the power supply 86 to the corona discharge device 84. The aforementioned cycle of operations can now be repeated automatically.

The manually operated switches 160, 135, 146, 74, and 108 for the heating element 156, the blower 134, the vane solenoid 144, the motor 52, and the high voltage power supply 86, respectively, are provided so that the steps of the image-forming process, namely, charging, exposing, and heating of the record element 10, can be performed in any desired order. For example, it may, in certain cases, be desirable to expose the photoconductive layer 16 of the record element 10 first to a light image, then to charge the record element 10 uniformly, and finally to heat the photoconductive layer 16 to form the ripple image therein. The aforementioned manually operated switches enable an operator to perform the steps in the image-forming process in other sequential orders, as desired.

What is claimed is:

1. Apparatus for forming a ripple image on an electrophotographic record element of the type comprising a substrate and a thermoplastic photoconductive layer thereon, said apparatus comprising (a) a charging station, an exposure station, and a heating station,

(b) means to apply a uniform electrostatic charge on said photoconductive layer at said charging station,

(0) means to expose said photoconductive layer to a light image whereby to discharge said layer selectively at said exposure stat-ion,

(d) heating means to direct a stream of hot gas onto said photoconductive layer from a position to one side of said layer at said heating station, whereby to soften said layer and to allow electrostatic forces therein to deform said layer to produce a ripple image,

(e) a carriage,

(f) means to removably secure said record element to said carriage, and

(g) means to move said carriage automatically between opposite ends of a pair and to stop said carriage for predetermined durations at said opposite ends, said exposure and heating stations being at said opposite ends, respectively, and said charging station being intermediate said ends, said exposure means and said heating means being actuated automatically by said moving means for said predetermined durations when said record element is at said exposure station and said heating station, respectively.

2. In automatic apparatus of the type for forming a ripple image in an electrophotographic record element having a thermoplastic photoconductive layer, wherein said layer is uniformly charged with an electrostatic charge at a charging station, and wherein said charged layer is exposed to a light image from exposure means to discharge said layer selectively at an exposure station, the improvement comprising (a) heating means to direct a stream of hot gas onto said exposed layer for a predetermined time, whereby to soften said layer to allow electrostatic forces on said layer to form said ripple image,

(b) a carriage,

(c) means to mount said record element removably on said carriage,

((1) means to move said carriage automatically and successively to said stations, and

(e) means cooperatively coupled to said moving means to stop said carriage automatically at staid exposure station and at said heating station and to automatically actuate said exposure means and said heating means, respectively, for predetermined durations.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,862,190 6/1932 McCoWan --14 3,238,041 3/1966 Corrsin 96--l 2,985,866 5/1961 Norton 340173 3,284,196 11/1966 Mazza 961.1

JOHN M. HORAN, Primary Examiner.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3 ,382 ,780 May 14 1968 Edward C. Giaimo It is certified that error appears in the above identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Column 8, line 23, "pair" should read path line 50, "stand" should read said (SEAL) Attest:

WILLIAM E. SCHUYLER, JR.

Commissioner of Patents Edward M. Fletcher, Jr.

Attesting Officer 

